Exercises and solutions
The Standard Library and Metaprogramming

// Illustrates a static_assert on top of the template specialization stuff.
// Compiles, meaning that the static assert holds (in this program at least).

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>

template <typename S, typename T> class A{               // The primary template class
  public: 
    int a;
    S s;
    T t;
    A() : a{1}, s{}, t{} {};
};

template<> class A <int, std::string> {                  // Complete specialization to S = int, T = string
  public: 
    int a;
    int s;
    std::string t;
    A() : a{2}, s{}, t{}{};
};

template<typename S, typename T> class A <S*, T*> {      // Partial Specialization to pointers
  public: 
    int a;
    S s;
    T t;
    A() : a{3}, s{}, t{}{};

    static_assert(!std::is_pointer<S>::value, "S is not (normally) expected to be a pointer type");
};

template<typename T> class A <T, T> {                    // Partial specialization: T and S are the same types
  public: 
    int a;
    T s;
    T t;

    A() : a{4}, s{}, t{}{};
};

int main(){
  A<double,bool> a1;                                     // Use of A<S,T>
  A<int,std::string> a2;                                 // Use of A<int,string>
  A<double*,std::string*> a3;                            // Use of A<T*,S*>
  A<double**,std::string*> a3_1;                         // Use of A<T*,S*>  - causes the static_assert to fail. 
  A<double**,std::string**> a3_2;                        // Use of A<T*,S*>  - causes the static_assert to fail. 
  A<double,double> a4;                                   // Use of A<T,T>

  std::cout << a1.a << std::endl;   // 1
  std::cout << a2.a << std::endl;   // 2
  std::cout << a3.a << std::endl;   // 3
  std::cout << a4.a << std::endl;   // 4

}